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No need for premium fuel, regular is fine. There's probably nothing wrong with the engine, more than likely the Torch plug wasn't up for the task. I think 30 weight oil protects these air cooled engines better than multi-vis oil. Report back with results.

I would toss the Torch spark plug that shipped with the engine and use an NGK plug. Those Taiwan spark plugs don't seem to hold up very well.

The plug is fouled either from excessive oil being burned or too rich of a fuel mixture. I would double check the oil level or better yet change to oil to a good 30 weight oil. Make sure the air filter isn't oil soaked causing a rich condition and check the oil level cold on a flat surface...

Ezcome-ezgo has a good question about the color of the smoke. Black exhaust smoke is a rich fuel condition, blue exhaust smoke is from oil being burned. White smoke is coolant being burned in the cylinder. An external oil leak will cause smoke from hot oil hitting the muffler or engine block...

Have you done a compression test? When you say the kids were running it rough and it quit running, did they hit deep ruts? What did they hit that caused the air box to break? If it seemed okay until it took a hit hard enough to break something, I would look for anything else that got bent or...

What about an exhaust restriction? Maybe disconnect the muffler from the engine & run it on jackstands briefly to see if that changes anything. Check for rodent nests in the air filter box. Check for any sticking brake calipers. If the variator rollers are flattened they won't roll out properly...

Good work! Any help is a plus.

Maybe check with someone at American Landmaster or Go Karts R Us. They've helped me in the past. https://landmaster.com/ https://gokartsrus.com/

I took a good look at both, they are very similar if not exact but since there are no listings for a 285-28 I thought possibly that 8 could have been a B. Not likely but figured I'd mention it. There are a bunch of B models listed.

Disconnect the shifter cables and try shifting it manually. A shift cable could be seized up. You're saying the engine will rev up fine with the trans in neutral but the kart won't move in F or Drive? Glazed dive belt. glazed clutch friction surface, bent shift lever.

Pictures of the whole machine, providing a model # or a brand name would give us a better shot at helping you.

Put the rear of the kart on jackstands then try turning the rear wheels manually. See if the engine will rev up that way. Maybe disconnect the chain, try different shifter positions. It's always safer to diagnose drive problems with the drive wheels off the ground in case the machine decides to...

Pancho steered you correctly. https://parts.colemanpowersportsusa.com/parts

Is there a chance you could have a 285B-2? No listing anywhere for a 285-28. That 8 could pass for a B possibly. https://www.gokartsupply.com/mancogokarts.htm https://landmaster-assets.american-landmaster.workers.dev/uploads/manuals/Fun-Kart/285_operatorsmanual_285b2.pdf

Small engine starters are available retail. It's no fun when these engines kick back. I had a Predator that would rip the pull cord out of your hand when starting it. The plastic boot on the plug was cracked causing the spark to ground out. What I thought was a boot was actually a good tape job...

Here's the parts list for the Black Widow kart. You'll need part #14798 if you're looking for a replacement axle. https://landmaster-assets.american-landmaster.workers.dev/uploads/manuals/Fun-Kart/3171_IPL.pdf

This engine definitely has an internal CDI? Everything I look into shows an external CDI. Is this your engine? https://www.amazon.com/4-Stroke-Electric-Semi-Auto-Air-Cooled-Ignition/dp/B0D1BWRTYS?source=ps-sl-shoppingads-lpcontext&ref_=fplfs&psc=1&smid=ADUV1A1XR0GTK See if this video helps...

Good call, I missed the scrub brakes.

Denny is correct. If there's a cent clutch on it someone swapped from a torque converter to it more than likely. The 389-11 looks like the parts are similar.

Check the Manco model numbers and names on Go Kart Supply's site. Highlight 389-12 then right click on it. https://www.gokartsupply.com/mancogokarts.htm Read the notes at the bottom of this document. https://landmaster.com/pdfs/gokarts-minibikes/model-386/386_operatorsmanual.pdf