Are you really bad at math? You said that you are running a 15 tooth and a 60 tooth. That is 1 : 4. Almost identical to the 10 tooth and 37 tooth, which was
1 : 3.7 . A little better, but not much. You NEED to be 1 : 6. What ever the clearance problem is with the 10 tooth sprocket you need to figure out a way fix it. A 15 X 60 is not going to cut it, especially with the size of your tires. Your gear ratio is just too high. Change the spacer brushing to a smaller outside diameter. There is absolutely no reason a 10 tooth sprocket can't be used on your kart.