Lets step back a bit.
From your one picture it looks like you have a functional kart.
Why do you want to change things up?
In this pic you have a CC (centrifugal clutch). It uses a V belt to turn larger pulley.
View attachment 160294
In my opinion V belts dont transfer power and torque well. Just not big enough. But it does work or it would be a factory accepted way.
Then on this side there is a chain with 2 sprockets.
View attachment 160295
Back to the question of why change?
Can we get some tooth count on bothe sprockets? Use a marker and keep track. Need exact numbers.
Also measure the outer diameter of the belt pullies. Try to be exact with this.
This will give enough to give you a gear ratio.
6:1 is a good target.
Putting a TAV on it will make it feel like a rocket compared to that CC. But it will take some work and your dads kinda right about getting things too far from stock.
Will a TAV fit there? I dont know. Im blind here.
There's many ways to skin a cat. Which is right for you?