Yeah, I was looking over the starter, and I forgot about the solenoid kicking out the gear. It just looks more complicated to use then worth.
You could cut the Bendix down, and then weld your small drive sprocket to its gear, slide that assembly back on the shafts splines and then shim (tack or weld) in place, Just dont overheat that Armature.
You could probably trim a little off that nose cone to get more clearance for the sprocket and chain, but dont get too wild.
I might have another plan to end up with an inch of your Armature shaft sticking out the end of your nose cone, so you can mount any size drive gear out there.
If you first removed the Solenoid, (#16 on the diagram) then unbolt the 2 long through bolts (#31 and 35) and slide the aluminum nose cone (#2) off.
Then remove the snap ring (#6) at the very end of the Armature shaft, you'll should then be able to remove the Bendix assembly (#8).
Ok, here's the real tricky part I'm not sure of... I'm thinking if an inch of the nose cone was accurately cut off, (the side that mates up to the motor) and reassembled, you'd end up with an inch of shaft sticking out the end of the nose cone for your gear.
Another thing you'd probably have to do is shim that end of the shaft so the Armature would only have a very small amount of end play.
Sounds wacky but it just might work, let me know if you need help.