I don't see any weld on the sprocket hub or the brake disc on the sides in between them. I do see the split in the sprocket hub, and the allen-head screw there to squeeze it tight around the axle.
Guessing that solid brake disc has 2 allen-head setscrews in its hub to secure it to the axle. If there's no weld on the other sides of those two parts, then they should come right off for you. Just sand the axle real well where you expect to slide them before you slop any lube on the axle.
Since axle is trash, just cut it anywhere close to the parts you want to remove. Leave the bearings there, throw out with the axle.
As Denny said, it looks like you've got a lot of easy bolt together stuff for that drive section, and keep looking around.
Check out all the info you can get at "BMIKarts", GoPowerSports", OMBWarehouse, and on ebay. Watch youtube videos, type "gokart axles" in the search bar and you'll see people doing everything you can think of with drive sections.
You don't absolutely have to use "cassettes" or "flangettes" holding bearings on your axle. Most require welding to the frame, but maybe you can find some bolt-ons like the ones you're throwing out. I'll attach pics of how I bolted on pillow blocks to mine.
Get a Predator 212cc engine from Harbor Freight for $130, or $100 on sale like mine. It has a 3/4" shaft, so you need a 3/4" clutch, make it #35 clutch and axle sprockets and chain. Don't blow $90 on a Juggernaut clutch, just get whats cheap in 3/4". Use a 1" round solid steel axle, with stepdown 3/4" threaded ends if it works for you. You can always just cut one down to fit and hold the wheels on with locking collars. Start with the 12-tooth #35 sprocket that likely will come with your clutch, forget the 10-tooth #41 sprocket. Make the axle sprocket a 60-tooth for a 5:1 ratio.
You can cut your own spacers from a piece of common water pipe from a hardware store. 1" pipe fits 1" axles, same way for 3/4" pipe and axles.
Ignore my pics showing I used 4 bearings on the rear axle, it's overbuilt. They just come in lots that way on ebay, 2, 4, 8, etc.