Those are the remains of two bearing races (inner and outer) and what looks like a bearing spacer between the two. Sheesh, that is some catastrophic damage and neglect, actually. Did you ignore the issue until it destroyed itself?
Let's see the wheel itself for any damage. It might be okay or safe to push in some new bearings.
Where is the best place to buy a wheel?
Anywhere? The interwebz is your friend. I don't even know what kind of go kart you have.