Functional Artist
Well-known member
Battery Basics
FYI:
Battery - is usually used to refer to an individual "battery" cell (like AAA or a 9V)
...but, sometimes a group up of "individual" cells is also referred to as a "battery" (like a 12V car battery)
Battery Module - a group of individual cells connected together make up a "battery module"
Battery Pack - several battery modules, grouped together, are usually referred to as a "battery pack".
In-series- is when (2) or more battery cells/modules are connected together (+) to (-). The positive (+) terminal of a battery cell/module is connected to the negative (-) terminal of another battery cell/module.
(connecting battery cells/modules "in series" will double the voltage but, not the capacity)
In-parallel- is when (2) or more battery cells/modules are connected together (+) to (+) & (-) to (-). The positive (+) terminal of a battery cell/module is connected to the positive (+) terminal of another battery cell/module & the negative (-) terminal of the battery cell/module is also, connected to the negative (-) terminal of the other battery cell/module.
(connecting battery cells/modules "in parallel" will double the capacity but, not the voltage)
Now, lets move on to/with the basics/specifications of Lead (batteries)
A standard 12V Lead (chemistry) battery (module) is comprised of (6) (individual) cells.
These "individual" Lead cells have a:
... (low) voltage threshold of ~1.75V
...a (nominal) voltage of ~2V
...the (high or max) voltage is ~2.21V
…with a (usable) voltage range of only ~0.46V
So, the voltage limits for a (standard) 12V Lead battery "module" would be:
...(low) ~10.5V
…(nominal) ~12V
...the (max) is ~13.3V
…with a (usable) voltage range of ~2.8V
Takin' it a step further, if (2) 12V battery "modules" are connected together "in series" you would have a 24V "battery pack"
…(3) 12V "modules" would make up a 36V "pack"
…& (4) of them would make up a 48V "pack" etc.
Lead Battery Module/Pack Voltage Ranges
Voltage___Low____Nominal___High____Usable
12V______~10.5V____~12V____~13.3V___~2.8V
24V______~21V_____~24V_____~26.6V___~5.6V
36V______~31.5V___~36V_____~39.9V___~8.4V
48V______~42V_____~48V_____~53.2V___~11.2V
60V______~52.5V___~60V_____~66.5V___~14V
72V______~63V_____~72V_____~79.8V___~16.8V
FYI:
Battery - is usually used to refer to an individual "battery" cell (like AAA or a 9V)
...but, sometimes a group up of "individual" cells is also referred to as a "battery" (like a 12V car battery)
Battery Module - a group of individual cells connected together make up a "battery module"
Battery Pack - several battery modules, grouped together, are usually referred to as a "battery pack".
In-series- is when (2) or more battery cells/modules are connected together (+) to (-). The positive (+) terminal of a battery cell/module is connected to the negative (-) terminal of another battery cell/module.
(connecting battery cells/modules "in series" will double the voltage but, not the capacity)
In-parallel- is when (2) or more battery cells/modules are connected together (+) to (+) & (-) to (-). The positive (+) terminal of a battery cell/module is connected to the positive (+) terminal of another battery cell/module & the negative (-) terminal of the battery cell/module is also, connected to the negative (-) terminal of the other battery cell/module.
(connecting battery cells/modules "in parallel" will double the capacity but, not the voltage)
Now, lets move on to/with the basics/specifications of Lead (batteries)
A standard 12V Lead (chemistry) battery (module) is comprised of (6) (individual) cells.
These "individual" Lead cells have a:
... (low) voltage threshold of ~1.75V
...a (nominal) voltage of ~2V
...the (high or max) voltage is ~2.21V
…with a (usable) voltage range of only ~0.46V
So, the voltage limits for a (standard) 12V Lead battery "module" would be:
...(low) ~10.5V
…(nominal) ~12V
...the (max) is ~13.3V
…with a (usable) voltage range of ~2.8V
Takin' it a step further, if (2) 12V battery "modules" are connected together "in series" you would have a 24V "battery pack"
…(3) 12V "modules" would make up a 36V "pack"
…& (4) of them would make up a 48V "pack" etc.
Lead Battery Module/Pack Voltage Ranges
Voltage___Low____Nominal___High____Usable
12V______~10.5V____~12V____~13.3V___~2.8V
24V______~21V_____~24V_____~26.6V___~5.6V
36V______~31.5V___~36V_____~39.9V___~8.4V
48V______~42V_____~48V_____~53.2V___~11.2V
60V______~52.5V___~60V_____~66.5V___~14V
72V______~63V_____~72V_____~79.8V___~16.8V